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i This advice applies to people living in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

How does debt affect a credit file?

Credit files and debt. How does it work?

A credit file is a report that lets you track your credit history. This includes a record of your debts, payments you have made and missed, and more. Lenders will use this information to check if it is responsible of them to lend to you.

Quickly find what you are looking for



  1. What is a credit file?
  2. What is included in a credit file?
  3. How long does information stay on a credit file?
  4. What do I do if the information on my credit file is wrong?
  5. Linked credit files and joint debts
  6. What is a credit blacklist?
  7. How can poor credit affect me?
  8. How can I improve my credit file?
  9. Does debt advice affect my credit score?

What is a credit file?

Key terms to know about credit files




  1. Credit file: Also known as a credit report. This keeps track of what you have borrowed and the payments you have made or missed. It also has information about types of credit you have tried to get
  2. Credit history: Your credit history is what your credit file shows. This is a record of all debts you have taken out or applied for, as well as payments made on time and missed. Lenders use it to work out if it is responsible of them to lend to you
  3. Credit score: Also known as a credit rating. It is a number that shows lenders how likely you are to pay back money. A higher number means a better credit score. It is one of the things lenders use to work out if they want to lend you money
  4. Default: When you break the terms of an agreement, your creditor can 'default' your debt. Breaking terms involves things like missing payments, which is marked on your credit file. Several defaults can lead to your creditor passing your debt to a debt collection agency. Defaults make it harder to borrow more money as they stay on your credit file for six years

Debt jargon can be hard to understand. Our glossary explains over 250 debt and credit related words in simple terms.

Credit files are built by credit reference agencies (CRAs) to understand your credit history. They use information shared by lenders and other public information to do this.

Your credit file lists information about you and the debts you take out. It shows lenders how you manage your repayments and if there has been any court action taken against you.

It can affect whether lenders lend you money, as well as how much you can borrow and the rate of interest you pay.

Lenders will use your credit file to:


  • Carry out identity checks to make sure you are who you say you are
  • Check you live at the address you gave them
  • Decide the terms of any credit agreement with you

If a lender thinks you may be high risk to lend to, they could:


  • Refuse you credit
  • Offer you a smaller amount of credit
  • Charge you a higher interest rate

They work this out by looking at your 'credit score' which is based on the information in your credit file.

How is my credit score worked out?

Credit reference agencies (CRAs) use the details in your credit file to calculate your credit score. Your credit score will show as a number from 0 to 1,000. The bigger the number, the better your credit score.

Lenders use credit scores to assess if a borrower is likely to repay the debt. A lower score means a higher lending risk, so a lender may choose not to lend to someone with a low credit score.

You can view your credit score for free with the ClearScore app. They can show you your credit score and how it compares on average to people living in your area, as well as the rest of the UK.

You can also see your credit score for free from some credit reference agencies (CRAs). They usually will have your most up to date information.

What is included in a credit file?

Your credit file includes:


A credit file does not include:


Where can I see my credit file?

Most credit reference agencies (CRAs) offer a free trial to access your credit file online. Some offer access to your credit file for free.

The main CRAs in the UK are:


You can use your credit file to find out who you owe money to.

How long does information stay on my credit file?

Some information stays on your credit file for six years, like missed payments, defaults and court judgments. They will drop off your credit file over time, even if they are not paid.

Other things stay on your credit file for six years from the date they are recorded, such as:


  • Defaults: When you have paid the amount owed in 14 days after a missed payment
  • Settlements: Debts you pay off in full, or partial settlements where you pay some of the debt in a lump sum and the rest is written off
  • Reduced payments: When the people you owe accept a lower amount and write off the rest of the debt
  • Insolvencies: Like bankruptcy, debt relief orders (DROs), individual voluntary arrangements (IVAs) and protected trust deeds

Some information could stay on your credit file for longer than 6 years. This includes bankruptcy restrictions, which can be extended in some cases, and this stays on your credit file for up to 15 years.

What do I do if the information on my credit file is wrong?

If you notice something is wrong on your credit file, it is best to contact the credit reference agency. You can tell them what looks wrong on your credit file and ask them to correct it.

The CRA will contact the lender about the wrong information and check if they have made an error. While the possible error is being looked into, a note will be placed on your credit file saying the information is being 'disputed'.

Things you can dispute on your credit file include:


  • Incorrect personal details: Like names and addresses
  • Incorrect debt details: Wrong balances, credit limits and accounts marked as open or closed incorrectly
  • Signs of identity theft: Such as debts that appear on your account that you did not take out

If they find that an error has been made, it can take some time for the correct information to show on your credit file. It may take up to 30 days, but timings are different depending on which CRA you use to view your credit file.

It is important to be aware that debts paid in full can take months to be removed from your credit file. If you feel it is taking too long, you can contact the CRA to ask them to update their records.

Can I make a complaint about my credit file?

To raise a formal complaint with a CRA, you can usually do this online by filling out a form on their website. You should be able to find information about their complaints process on their website too.

If you feel your complaint has not been resolved fairly, you can escalate your complaint to the Financial Ombudsman Service.

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Linked credit files and joint debts

Your credit file will show any credit agreements in joint names. This links you financially to another person.

You will be linked to another person on your credit file if you have taken a loan out together, or if you have a joint bank account.

You can also be linked to another person if they act as a guarantor for you. A guarantor is someone who agrees to make payments to a debt if you cannot pay.

You should think carefully before taking out a joint loan or bank account. When you have a linked credit file, their credit history can affect you and your credit history can affect them.

Can I unlink my credit file from another person?

In some cases, you can ask for your credit files to be 'disassociated'. This removes the link between your credit files.

You can only do this if the joint account has been paid off in full and you no longer live with the other person.

Contact the credit reference agencies (CRAs) for more support and information on disassociating credit files.

What is a credit blacklist?

There is no such thing as a credit blacklist.

Creditors decide who to lend to by using the information in your credit file, and their own measures. They do not depend on credit scores alone.

Some companies specialise in lending to people with a bad credit history.

How can poor credit affect me?

Poor credit can affect you in a few ways. But it is important to remember that poor credit does not last forever. It can be fixed over time.

Can I get a mortgage with a poor credit history?

When you apply for a mortgage, lenders will check your credit history. They do this to make sure you can afford to pay the mortgage.

If your credit history is poor, the mortgage lender may refuse the mortgage or charge you a higher rate of interest.

There are some companies that specialise in mortgages for people with poor credit. Think carefully before going ahead with these companies. They often charge a much higher rate of interest, meaning your mortgage will take longer to pay off.

Can I rent with a poor credit history?

When you apply to rent a property, many landlords or letting agents will check your credit history to make sure you can afford the rent. But they need your permission to do this.

If your credit history is poor, the landlord or letting agent may:


  • Refuse your application
  • Ask for a guarantor
  • Ask for larger deposit

Some landlords only check public information like the public register of court judgments and the public register of insolvency. This means missed payments or defaults might not affect your application.

Can my credit history affect my job?

Some employers run credit checks on new or existing staff. This usually happens if you work in:


  • Legal services
  • Financial services
  • Property conveyancing
  • Accountancy

You can check if poor credit will affect your job by:


  • Checking the terms and conditions of your employment contract
  • Speaking to your HR department
  • Speaking to your trade union or professional body

Can my credit history affect my car insurance?

Insurers will run a credit check on you to make sure you can afford to pay the insurance.

It is unlikely that poor credit will stop you getting an insurance policy, but you can be charged a higher interest rate if you pay monthly.

How can I improve my credit file?

There are several ways to improve your credit file and credit score. It is important to remember that improving your credit file takes time, but it is possible and anyone can do it.

If you are going through difficulties with money and debts, it is best to focus on that first before your credit file. We have lots of guides about increasing income and reducing spending, and we are always on hand to support you with free online debt advice.

You can also sign up to our 7 days, 7 ways email programme for a step-by-step guide on getting your finances organised.

There are some ways you can boost your credit score in the short term, and you may find that some of the long-term goals already apply to you. Such as:


  • Registering on the electoral roll to prove where you live
  • Staying at one address for a long time - moving home often can lower your credit score
  • Checking your credit file for errors or any activity that looks suspicious - for example, a new debt appearing on your credit file that you know you did not apply for
  • Keep making payments on time if you are able to

Will debt advice affect my credit score?

No. You can get debt advice anytime and this will have no impact on your credit file or credit score.

Nobody needs to know when you come to us for debt advice. We do not tell anyone unless you ask us to.

After you have gone through debt advice, you might decide to go ahead with a debt solution.

With some debt solutions, you may pay less toward your debts or become insolvent. These types of things will be recorded on your credit file and can impact your credit score.

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